Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion criteria:
1. Presenting with primary spontaneous pneumothorax as confirmed by a chest radiograph or a CT scan.
2. Age >= 18 years old and <= 55 years old.
3. Ability to consent to participation.

Exclusion Criteria
1. Known or suspected underlying lung disease (including >20 pack year smoking history).
2. Evidence of tension pneumothorax (these patients should be treated immediately as medical emergencies).
3. Females who are pregnant or lactating.
4. Inability to consent or comply with the trial requirements.
5. Contraindication to thoracic procedure. (Only applies to patients being enrolled into Intervention or Control arms – i.e. not observational cohort).
6. Any other significant disease or disorder which, in the opinion of the Investigator, may either put the participants at risk because of participation in the trial, or may influence the result of the trial, or the participant’s ability to participate in the trial.